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The mechanistic view of the state posits that the state is an artificial construct designed to serve the interests of individuals. This perspective is central to Individualism, which prioritizes the rights and autonomy of the individual over the state. By treating the state as a machine or a contract, individualist thinkers argue that its legitimacy is derived solely from its ability to protect individual liberties and property rights.

The Patriarchal theory, notably associated with Sir Henry Maine, posits that the state evolved from the expansion of the family unit. In this view, the family was governed by the eldest male, and as families grew into clans and tribes, this patriarchal authority expanded, eventually forming the basis for the political authority found in the state.

The legal theory of the state posits that the state is a legal entity created to establish order and protect the rights of its citizens. It emphasizes that the primary function of the state is the enactment and enforcement of laws to maintain social stability and ensure the security of individuals. While other theories focus on the origin or sovereignty of the state, this view centers on its functional role in governance.

Sir Frederick Pollock, a noted legal historian, was critical of the social contract theory, viewing it as a historical fiction that obscured the actual evolution of political institutions. He argued that such theories were 'fatal to political impostures' because they relied on abstract, unhistorical assumptions about the state of nature rather than empirical evidence of how societies and governments actually developed over time.

Raymond G. Gettell, in his analysis of political theories, critiqued the organic theory of the state. He argued that comparing the state to a biological organism is a metaphorical oversimplification that fails to account for the complexities of human agency, legal structures, and the voluntary nature of political association.

Sir Henry Maine is the most prominent proponent of the Patriarchal theory, which posits that the state evolved from the expansion of the family unit. In his work 'Ancient Law', Maine argued that the patriarchal family, led by the eldest male, was the fundamental unit of society, and that through the aggregation of these families, tribes and eventually states were formed.

The Evolutionary Theory suggests that the state is the result of a long, gradual process of development involving kinship, religion, war, and political consciousness. John W. Burgess and Stephen Leacock are widely recognized in political science textbooks as the leading scholars who articulated and popularized this theory, distinguishing it from artificial theories like the social contract.

The historical theory of rights posits that rights are not created by a single act of a sovereign or a divine decree, but are the result of long-standing customs, traditions, and social practices that have evolved over time. This perspective emphasizes that rights emerge organically from the historical development of a community's shared values and experiences, rather than being granted by an external authority.

Individualists, particularly classical liberals, argue that the state is a 'necessary evil.' It is considered 'necessary' because it provides essential functions like security and contract enforcement, but an 'evil' because its coercive power inherently restricts individual liberty. Therefore, its scope should be strictly limited to prevent overreach into private life.