Andrew Linklater is a prominent scholar in international relations who authored 'Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations.' This work explores the tension between the universalist claims of citizenship and the particularist nature of the nation-state, drawing heavily on the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and its implications for modern global politics.

A. P. Rana developed the 'New Northern Concert of Power' (NNCP) concept to critically examine how the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) could maintain its significance after the collapse of the bipolar Cold War order. This framework explores the shifting dynamics between the Global North and South, suggesting that the NAM needed to adapt its strategies to address the new realities of global hegemony and the evolving power structures that emerged in the late 20th century.

The book 'Superpowers in Collision: The Cold War Now' is attributed to Noam Chomsky. Chomsky is a prominent intellectual known for his critical analysis of American foreign policy, media, and global power dynamics. His work often examines the structural causes of international conflict and the role of hegemony in shaping the post-World War II geopolitical landscape.

Western proponents of the behavioural approach in International Relations emphasize its scientific nature. This methodology prioritizes empirical data, quantitative analysis, and observable patterns over traditional normative or historical inquiry. By applying rigorous, systematic methods similar to the natural sciences, researchers aim to develop predictive theories and objective explanations for international political phenomena, moving away from purely qualitative or philosophical interpretations of state behavior.

Constructivism is a prominent theory in international relations that posits that the international system is socially constructed rather than purely material. It argues that ideas, identities, norms, and shared understandings are the primary drivers of state behavior and international outcomes. Unlike realism or liberalism, which often focus on material power or institutional structures, constructivism highlights how the meanings actors attach to their environment define their interests and actions.

Critical theory in international relations challenges traditional paradigms by examining how power structures, economic inequalities, and social hierarchies shape global politics. It investigates the root causes of insecurity, the displacement of populations, and the systemic imbalances that perpetuate conflict, aiming to expose and transform the underlying conditions that maintain the status quo.

Critical theory in International Relations draws from a diverse range of intellectual influences. Antonio Gramsci's concepts of hegemony influenced Robert Cox's analysis of production, while the Frankfurt School, particularly Jurgen Habermas, provided the philosophical foundation for critical inquiry. Furthermore, scholars like Andrew Linklater have applied Habermas's theory of communicative action to international politics, making all the listed options significant contributors to the evolution of critical IR theory.

The correct mapping is: (a) Andrew Linklater wrote 'The Transformation of Political Community', (b) J. A. Tickner wrote 'Gendering World Politics', (c) F. Clark wrote 'Hegemony in International Studies', and (d) Kenneth Oye wrote 'Cooperation under Anarchy'. This selection reflects the foundational texts in contemporary international relations theory and political science discourse.

The provided answer suggests 'Globalizm ⇔ Non-state actors' is incorrect. However, globalism often emphasizes the role of non-state actors in an interconnected world. This may be a point of academic debate regarding the definition of globalism versus globalization. The classification is provided as requested.

Hedley Bull, a prominent figure in the English School of international relations, famously challenged the 'scientific' approach to the study of international politics in his 1966 essay, 'International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach.' He argued that the scientific method, with its focus on quantification and behavioralism, neglected the historical and philosophical dimensions essential to understanding international society.