Thomas Hardy is a distinguished figure in English literature, celebrated for his extensive body of poetry, such as 'The Darkling Thrush', and his major novels, including 'Far from the Madding Crowd' and 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles'. While he began his career as a novelist, he turned his focus primarily to poetry in his later years, establishing himself as a master of both forms.

Thomas Hardy is widely characterized as a pessimist due to the bleak, deterministic nature of his novels and poetry. His works often depict characters struggling against indifferent cosmic forces, social constraints, and the cruel whims of fate, reflecting a worldview that challenges Victorian optimism.

Thomas Hardy began his career as an apprentice to an architect in Dorchester and later worked in London. This architectural background significantly influenced his literary work, particularly in his meticulous descriptions of buildings, landscapes, and the structural precision found in his novels and poetry.

'Desperate Remedies' was the first published novel by Thomas Hardy, released anonymously in 1871. It is a sensation novel that reflects the influence of Wilkie Collins, showcasing Hardy's early interest in complex plots and social intrigue before he shifted toward the more characteristic regional realism and tragic fatalism found in his later, more famous works set in the fictional Wessex.

Thomas Hardy's 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' was first published in 1891, placing it in the late Victorian era, which is the 19th century. The other novels listed were published in the 20th century: 'The Ambassadors' in 1903, 'A Room with a View' in 1908, and 'Mrs. Dalloway' in 1925.

Thomas Hardy is frequently described as a fatalist or a pessimist. His novels and poetry often explore the idea that human lives are governed by indifferent forces, chance, and tragic circumstances. While he deeply appreciated the natural landscape, his overarching philosophical outlook in his fiction is characterized by a sense of inevitable human suffering.

In Thomas Hardy's novels, the universe is often depicted as indifferent to human suffering. This 'Immanent Will' operates without malice or favor, suggesting that human tragedy is often the result of chance or cosmic apathy rather than divine intervention or personal fate, which defines his pessimistic worldview.

Thomas Hardy is widely recognized for his pervasive sense of fatalism, often referred to as 'Hardy's pessimism.' His novels and poetry frequently depict characters trapped by indifferent cosmic forces, social circumstances, and the inexorable passage of time. While he deeply appreciated the natural world, his overarching narrative focus remains on the tragic inevitability of human suffering and the failure of individual agency against the backdrop of an uncaring universe.