Armaghan-e-Hijaz, meaning 'Gift of Hijaz', is a posthumously published collection of poetry by Allama Iqbal. It contains both Persian and Urdu verses, reflecting his deep spiritual connection to the holy lands of Islam. The work serves as a final testament to his philosophical thought and devotion, distinguishing him from the other classical scholars listed in the options.

Allama Iqbal viewed democracy as a system that, when aligned with spiritual and ethical values, could serve the interests of the people. He believed that the collective will of the community, or 'Ijma,' could be expressed through democratic processes. His support for representative government was rooted in the idea of empowering the Muslim community to participate in decision-making while upholding Islamic principles of justice and equality.

Allama Iqbal was a staunch critic of the Western concept of territorial nationalism. He argued that it was divisive and incompatible with the universalist principles of the Muslim Ummah, advocating instead for a spiritual and ideological unity that transcends geographical boundaries.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a renowned philosopher, poet, and politician, was born on November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, Punjab. His intellectual contributions, particularly his vision for a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent, played a pivotal role in the development of modern Muslim political thought and the eventual creation of Pakistan.

Allama Iqbal earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1907. His academic journey in Germany was pivotal, as it provided him with rigorous training in Western philosophical methods. This experience significantly influenced his later works, where he attempted to reconcile traditional Islamic thought with modern philosophical inquiries, ultimately shaping his unique political and theological worldview.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal is celebrated as 'Shair-e-Mashriq' (Poet of the East) because his poetry and philosophical works addressed the challenges faced by the Muslim world and the East in general during the early 20th century. His work, which includes both Urdu and Persian poetry, encouraged self-reliance, spiritual awakening, and political consciousness, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural and intellectual history of the entire Eastern region.

Allama Iqbal was a polyglot who utilized both Urdu and Persian for his poetic and philosophical expressions. While his Urdu poetry is widely celebrated for its revolutionary spirit, his Persian works, such as 'Asrar-i-Khudi' and 'Rumuz-i-Bekhudi,' are considered his most profound contributions to Islamic philosophy, allowing him to reach a broader intellectual audience across the Muslim world.

Allama Iqbal was a polyglot who expressed his profound philosophical and poetic ideas in both Urdu and Persian. While he wrote some prose in English, the vast majority of his influential poetic works, such as 'Asrar-i-Khudi' and 'Rumuz-i-Bekhudi', were written in Persian, which he considered an ideal medium for his complex metaphysical themes.

Allama Iqbal attended the third session of the Round Table Conference held in London in 1932. These conferences were organized by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. Iqbal's participation was significant as he represented the intellectual and political aspirations of the Muslims of British India during this critical period of constitutional development.

Swami Vivekananda's Neo-Vedanta philosophy synthesizes traditional Advaita Vedanta with modern social concerns. It posits that the divine exists within every individual, necessitating the recognition of the oneness of all beings. This realization leads to 'Daridra Narayana'—the service of God through the service of the poor and humanity. Furthermore, his philosophy promotes universal tolerance, advocating for the acceptance of all religious paths as valid expressions of the same ultimate truth.