While Mao led various campaigns, the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) is frequently cited in political discourse as a defining mass movement. Note: Some historians might argue that earlier campaigns like the Land Reform movement or the Great Leap Forward were also mass movements, but this question identifies the Cultural Revolution as the intended answer.

Mao Zedong developed the concept of 'New Democracy' to adapt Marxism-Leninism to China's semi-feudal and semi-colonial conditions. Unlike the orthodox Marxist view that a proletarian revolution must occur in an industrialized society, Mao argued that a coalition of classes—including peasants, workers, and the petty bourgeoisie—could lead a revolution against imperialism and feudalism. This stage was intended to be a transitional period before moving toward a full socialist state, reflecting Mao's unique strategic approach.

The pairing 'New Humanism' with Aurobindo Ghosh is incorrect. 'New Humanism' (or Radical Humanism) is the philosophy associated with M. N. Roy, who moved away from Marxism. Aurobindo Ghosh is primarily known for his philosophy of Integral Yoga and his contributions to Indian nationalism. The other pairings are correctly attributed to their respective thinkers in the context of political theory.

Mao Zedong's 'On Contradiction' posits that contradictions are universal and inherent in all processes. He distinguishes between antagonistic contradictions (between hostile classes) and non-antagonistic contradictions (among the people). He argues that non-antagonistic contradictions can be resolved through democratic discussion and education rather than violence. However, he rejects the idea that contradictions cease to exist in a socialist system, as they remain a driving force for development.

The Cultural Revolution was a sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong in 1966. Its primary objective was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, while simultaneously reasserting Mao's personal authority over the Communist Party of China.

The Great Leap Forward was an ambitious economic and social campaign launched by Mao Zedong in 1958. It aimed to transform China from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society through rapid collectivization and industrialization. However, the policy led to severe economic mismanagement, widespread famine, and millions of deaths, ultimately failing to achieve its intended goals.

Ho Chi Minh was the revolutionary leader of the Viet Minh, a national independence coalition formed in 1941. He was a central figure in the struggle against French colonial rule and later led North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. His leadership was instrumental in mobilizing the Vietnamese population toward the goal of national unification and the establishment of a communist state in the north.

Mao Zedong's socialist ideology emphasized the collective ownership of the means of production, which fundamentally contradicts the concept of private property. This stance was a cornerstone of his communist policies in China, aiming to eliminate class distinctions by abolishing private control over economic resources.

The 'Five Black Categories' were groups targeted for persecution during China's Cultural Revolution. These included landlords, rich farmers, counter-revolutionaries, bad elements, and rightists. These groups were labeled as enemies of the revolution. Conversely, those identified as Communists, Leftists, or Socialists were considered part of the revolutionary vanguard and were therefore not included in this list of targets.

A Maoist is an adherent of Maoism, a variety of Marxism-Leninism developed by Mao Zedong. This ideology emphasizes the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, the necessity of a protracted people's war, and the concept of 'New Democracy.' It has significantly influenced various revolutionary movements globally, particularly in agrarian societies seeking to overthrow existing political structures through mass mobilization and guerrilla warfare.