The total energy line (TEL) represents the sum of pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head. The hydraulic gradient line (HGL) represents the sum of pressure head and elevation head. The difference between the TEL and HGL is the velocity head, which is mathematically expressed as v²/2g, where v is the flow velocity and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Meandering rivers often develop loops that eventually become so pronounced that the river breaks through the narrow neck of the meander, creating a 'cutoff'. This process often results in the formation of an oxbow lake. This is a natural geomorphological process in river systems that influences sediment transport and water flow dynamics.

A Venturi meter is designed with a gradually converging and diverging section, which minimizes flow separation and energy loss. Consequently, it has a high coefficient of discharge, typically ranging from 0.95 to 0.99, making it highly efficient for measuring fluid flow in pipes.

Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. However, the question asks for the property of the liquid displaced. In many technical contexts, the volume of the displaced liquid is the primary factor determining the magnitude of the force when density is constant. Note: There is a potential conflict as the force equals weight, but volume is the geometric equivalent.

In fluid mechanics, a hydraulic jump is a phenomenon where supercritical flow transitions to subcritical flow, resulting in a significant loss of energy. The efficiency of this jump is defined as the ratio of the specific energy after the jump (E2) to the specific energy before the jump (E1). This ratio quantifies the energy dissipation occurring during the transition.

A hot wire anemometer measures gas velocity by detecting the cooling effect of the gas flow on a heated wire. As the gas flows past the wire, the heat loss is proportional to the velocity, allowing for highly accurate and rapid measurements of airflow, which is essential in various agricultural and engineering applications.

Base flow represents the sustained flow of a stream during dry periods, which is primarily derived from groundwater seepage and sub-surface contributions rather than direct surface runoff from precipitation events.

In laminar or turbulent flow through a pipe, the velocity is highest at the center due to the no-slip condition at the pipe walls. Friction against the pipe surface causes the fluid velocity to be zero at the walls and increase towards the center of the cross-section.

In grain storage engineering, bins are classified based on the behavior of the rupture plane. If the plane of rupture intersects the opposite wall before emerging from the grain surface, the bin is classified as a deep bin. This is critical for calculating lateral pressure on the walls using Janssen's equation, as opposed to shallow bins where the rupture plane reaches the surface.

A counter berm is an additional width of earth added to the outer slope of a canal bank. Its primary purpose is to increase the path of seepage and ensure that the saturation gradient line remains contained within the body of the bank, thereby preventing slope failure.