The Darfur conflict is a major armed conflict that began in February 2003 in the Darfur region of western Sudan [2, p3]. The conflict involves the Sudanese government and allied militias against various rebel groups, leading to a significant humanitarian crisis.

The United Nations has six official working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish [2, p24]. These languages are used in UN meetings and for all official UN documents.

In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].

As of early 2011, when this paper was likely set, Pakistan had served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council six times. These terms were: 1952–1953, 1968–1969, 1976–1977, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2003–20042. Pakistan was later elected for a seventh term (2012-2013).

The United Nations has six official working languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish2. All official UN documents and meetings utilize these languages.

“Intifada” is Arabic for “shaking off,” commonly used to describe Palestinian uprisings.

The 17th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which validated many of the changes made under Pervez Musharraf's rule, was ratified by the President on December 31, 2003, after being passed by both houses of Parliament.

"Niyyah" means intention in Arabic and the hadith "Actions are judged by intentions" refers directly to the importance of niyyah.

Sindhi in Pakistan is normally written in a modified Perso-Arabic script with additional letters for Sindhi sounds.

Shahmukhi, a Perso‑Arabic based script written right‑to‑left, is the primary script for Punjabi in Pakistan.