The Umayyad administration standardized Arabic as the official language for governance and administration, which had long-term institutional effects across their domains.

Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) introduced Arabic in administration and replaced Byzantine-Sassanian coinage with Islamic coinage as part of state centralization.

The principal–agent problem arises when agents possess more information than principals and have different incentives, leading to shirking or divergent actions.

Pakistan Railways' central administration and headquarters are located in Lahore.

A tax system combines tax policy (the rules and rates) with revenue administration (the collection and enforcement arm) to raise taxes.

Rival means a competing business adversary, which matches someone looking for an opportunity to destroy him.

Equity is the owner's residual interest in a business and equals total assets minus total liabilities.

A business cycle describes the long-run pattern of economic expansions and recessions, showing periodic growth and contraction.

Seems denotes appearance or assessment and is the option the question lists as the verb indicating modality/possibility.

A business letter typically includes both the date and address (heading) and the message with a signature, so both A & B are required.