The Tang dynasty, which ruled China from 618 to 907 AD, is widely regarded as a high point in Chinese history. This era saw remarkable advancements in poetry, art, and technology, as well as the expansion of the Silk Road trade routes. The period was characterized by a cosmopolitan culture, efficient bureaucratic administration, and significant influence on neighboring East Asian civilizations.

As of 2024, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) consists of 32 member countries. The alliance expanded significantly in recent years, with the accession of Finland in 2023 and Sweden in 2024, reflecting the evolving security dynamics in Europe and the North Atlantic region.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan authored 'The Loyal Mohammedans of India' in 1860. The primary purpose of this work was to defend the Muslim community against accusations of disloyalty following the 1857 War of Independence. By highlighting the contributions and loyalty of various Muslims to the British administration, Sir Syed aimed to bridge the gap between the Muslim population and the British rulers, thereby fostering better relations and educational opportunities.

Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail Dehlvi were prominent figures in the Jihad movement against the Sikh Empire. They were martyred in 1831 during the Battle of Balakot, which took place in the Hazara region. This event marked a significant turning point in the history of Islamic reform movements in the Indian subcontinent, as it ended the organized military resistance of their movement against the Sikh administration.

On December 20, 1999, Portugal officially transferred the administration of Macao to the People's Republic of China. This event marked the end of nearly 450 years of Portuguese presence in the territory. Following the handover, Macao became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China, operating under the 'one country, two systems' principle, similar to the arrangement established for Hong Kong in 1997.

Sher Shah Suri is credited with establishing a highly efficient and systematic revenue administration during his brief reign. He introduced land measurement techniques, standardized currency, and implemented a structured tax collection system that directly benefited the peasantry and the state treasury. His administrative reforms were so effective that they served as a foundational model for the later Mughal administrative structure, particularly under Emperor Akbar, who refined and expanded upon these early innovations.

Sher Shah Suri is widely credited with establishing a robust and systematic land revenue administration during his brief reign. He implemented the 'Rai' system, which involved measuring land and assessing taxes based on productivity. His administrative reforms, including the standardization of currency and the improvement of the land revenue collection process, served as a foundational model for subsequent rulers, including the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

The Mughal Emperor Babur authored the 'Baburnama', a significant historical memoir. Similarly, Emperor Jahangir wrote his own memoirs titled 'Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri'. Since both pairs 1 and 4 are accurately matched, option C is the correct choice. These works provide invaluable insights into the political, social, and personal lives of the Mughal emperors during their respective reigns.

Muhammad Shah, also known as Muhammad Shah Rangeela, was the Mughal emperor during the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739. Nadir Shah looted the imperial treasury and seized the Peacock Throne, which was never recovered by the Mughal dynasty.

Lord Cornwallis served two terms as the Governor-General of India. He is particularly famous for the Cornwallis Code, which introduced significant judicial, police, and revenue reforms, including the Permanent Settlement of 1793. These reforms aimed to stabilize the British administration in India and establish a structured legal and land revenue system that influenced colonial governance for decades.