Complete reduction of a carboxylic acid involves the addition of hydrogen atoms, ultimately converting the carbonyl group (C=O) into a methylene group (CH2). This process results in the formation of an alkane.

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Esters are formed by the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. This is known as esterification.

Acidic amino acids are defined by the presence of two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) that can donate protons, making them acidic. They also possess one amino group (-NH2) that can accept protons.

Lactic acid is not an amino acid, it is a carboxylic acid. Amino acids, on the other hand, are organic compounds that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Glumatic acid, aspartic acids, and glycine are all examples of amino acids.

Maleic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid, meaning it has a carbon-carbon double bond. This distinguishes it from the other options, which are all saturated carboxylic acids.

Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is oxidized to formic acid (HCOOH) when treated with acidified K2Cr2O7, a strong oxidizing agent. This reaction involves the conversion of the primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid, resulting in formic acid as the product.

Image result for Ethanoic acid is also called as Acetic acid (CH3COOH), also called ethanoic acid, the most important of the carboxylic acids.

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Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin undergoes acid hydrolysis to form lactic acid, a process involving the hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin to yield a carboxylic acid, specifically lactic acid, through the intermediate formation of an alpha-hydroxy acid.