The Aesthetic Movement emphasized aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music, and other arts, summed up by the slogan 'Art for art's sake' (l'art pour l'art).

Sturm und Drang was a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music that took place from the late 1760s to the early 1780s, emphasizing individual subjectivity and extremes of emotion.

Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

Rococo, or 'Late Baroque', is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting many aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theatre. It developed in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry, and strict regulations of the Baroque.

The 'Lost Generation' is the cohort that reached early adulthood during World War I. In literature, it refers to a group of American writers like Hemingway and Fitzgerald who lived in Paris in the 1920s.

The Harlem Renaissance was a golden age in African American culture that took place in the 1920s, centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.

The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth') was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, characterized by a revival of interest in Classical Greek and Roman learning.

Naturalism portrayed human behavior as shaped by environment and heredity.

Post-colonial thinkers challenged imperialism and cultural domination.

The Beat Generation explored spiritual quests, nonconformity, and free expression.