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The MCQs below are drawn from the Business Administration subject category.
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9081
The **Ashta Pradhan** (Council of Eight Ministers) was the highly structured administrative system of which medieval Maratha ruler?
Shivaji (1630–1680), the founder of the Maratha Empire, established the Ashta Pradhan Mandal—a system of eight ministers that provided counsel and managed various state affairs. Each minister was responsible for a specific portfolio, ensuring an efficient central administration.
9082
In the administrative system of the Chola Empire (an early medieval South Indian dynasty), the lowest unit of administration was the:
The Chola administration was highly decentralized at the local level. The empire was divided into *Mandalams*, which were subdivided into *Valanadus*, which in turn comprised the *Nadus*. The *Kurram* (a union of villages) or the individual village (*Ur*) was the lowest functional administrative unit.
9083
In the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire, what was the term for the revenue assignment granted to military chiefs in exchange for their service and maintenance of troops?
The *Amara-Nayaka* system was the military-feudal structure of the Vijayanagara Empire. The **Amara** was the territorial assignment (a grant of revenue) given to the military chief, or *Nayaka*, in return for maintaining troops and horses for the King, similar to the Mughal *Jagir* system.
9084
The **Nika Riots** of 532 AD, which threatened to overthrow Emperor Justinian I, were sparked by which groups in Constantinople?
The Nika Riots were massive and violent uprisings in Constantinople starting at the Hippodrome. They were initially protests by the two main chariot racing factions, the Blues and the Greens, against Justinian's administration, but quickly turned into a political revolt to depose him.
9085
The capital city of the Bahmani Sultanate, known for its strong defense and the famous *Madrasa* (Islamic college) of Mahmud Gawan, was originally located at:
The Bahmani Kingdom was founded in 1347 AD with Gulbarga (renamed Ahsanabad) as its capital. The capital was later shifted to Bidar. Gulbarga served as the center of the early Bahmani administration and culture for over 50 years.
9086
In the context of the Mughal administration, a **'Jagirdar'** was a person who was granted a *jagir* (a revenue assignment in lieu of a cash salary). What was he *not* allowed to do?
A Jagirdar was an assignee of land revenue, not the owner of the land. The *jagir* was a temporary assignment, theoretically transferable every few years to prevent the Jagirdars from becoming permanent, hereditary rulers of the assigned territory.
9087
In the Mughal administration, what did the term **'Zat'** refer to within the Mansabdari System?
The Mansabdari System had two components: **Zat** (personal rank, which determined the officer's status and personal salary) and **Sawar** (cavalry rank, which determined the number of horsemen and horses the officer had to maintain and pay for).
9088
What was the official language of the administration under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire?
Persian was the primary language of administration, court, and high culture for both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire in India, as it was the language of the ruling elite and the scholarly class.
9089
The **Mansabdari System** was a unique administrative and military system introduced by which Mughal Emperor?
The Mansabdari System was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix the rank of an officer (*mansabdar*), his salary, and the number of cavalrymen he was required to maintain (*zat* and *sawar* rank). It was a key innovation of Akbar's administration.
9090
The philosophy of **Legalism** in Ancient China, which advocated for strict laws and harsh punishments, was most influential during the reign of which dynasty?
**Legalism** was the official state ideology of the **Qin Dynasty** (221–206 BCE). Thinkers like Han Fei and Li Si championed this philosophy, which held that a strong government required absolute obedience to strict laws, harsh penalties, and a unified administration, regardless of the ruler's virtue.
