The Collective Security Treaty of 1992 evolved into the CSTO in 2002.

The GCC is a regional political and economic union of Arab states in the Persian Gulf.

The Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the ICC, was adopted in Rome in 1998. The Court itself formally came into existence in 2002 when the Statute entered into force.

UN-Habitat was established in 1978 as a result of the 1976 Habitat I Conference in Vancouver. It became a specialized Programme in 1978 and later strengthened its status in 2002.

The ISPS Code is a mandatory framework for security measures, added as a new chapter to the SOLAS Convention in 2002.

While the CIS deals with general cooperation, the CSTO is a specific intergovernmental military alliance formed by select CIS members (Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan).

The first AU Summit after the organization’s establishment was held in Durban, South Africa, in July 2002, marking the official launch of the AU.

The African Union was officially established on July 9, 2002, in Durban, South Africa, following the adoption of the Constitutive Act in 2000. It succeeded the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).

Vatican City (Holy See) is a sovereign state but is not a full member of the UN; it holds Permanent Observer status. Switzerland joined in 2002.

Al-Mamun is famously associated with the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah), which functioned largely as a translation bureau for Greek, Persian, and Indian texts.