Article 62(1)(f) of the Constitution deals with disqualification of members of parliament on grounds of honesty and truthfulness, and the July 2017 decision declared Nawaz Sharif ineligible under that provision.

António Guterres has been serving as Secretary‑General of the United Nations (he took office in 2017), matching the answer provided.

The Government of India Act transferred control of the East India Company's affairs to the British Crown, placing Indian administration under direct royal authority.

The Government of India Act (1858) transferred control of the East India Company’s administration to the British Crown after the 1857 uprising.

Kharaj was the land tax historically levied on non-Muslim cultivators and landlords in early Islamic administration.

Reliability and validity are the cornerstones of any standardized test. Reliability ensures that the test produces consistent results across different administrations and groups. Validity ensures that the test actually measures the specific construct or learning outcome it claims to measure. Without these two properties, a test cannot be considered a valid or useful tool for making educational decisions or comparisons.

The Battle of Khaybar occurred in 628 AD (7 AH). It was a significant military engagement between the Muslims of Madina and the Jewish tribes residing in the oasis of Khaybar. The victory at Khaybar was a strategic success for the early Islamic state, securing the northern borders and neutralizing a major source of opposition. This event is well-documented in Islamic historical records as a pivotal moment in the consolidation of power in the Arabian Peninsula.

The reign of Caliph Walid bin Abdul-Malik (705–715 CE) is considered the golden age of Umayyad expansion. Under his leadership, the Islamic empire reached its greatest territorial extent. Notable military campaigns during this period included the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim, the expansion into the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, and further consolidation of power in North Africa. His administration oversaw a period of immense military success and cultural growth.

Liu Bang, posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu, founded the Han dynasty after the fall of the Qin dynasty. He emerged victorious in the Chu-Han Contention, a civil war that followed the collapse of Qin authority. His reign established a long-lasting imperial system that significantly influenced Chinese culture, administration, and social structure for over four centuries, marking a golden age in Chinese history that solidified the identity of the Han people.

The Tang dynasty, which ruled China from 618 to 907 AD, is widely regarded as a high point in Chinese history. This era saw remarkable advancements in poetry, art, and technology, as well as the expansion of the Silk Road trade routes. The period was characterized by a cosmopolitan culture, efficient bureaucratic administration, and significant influence on neighboring East Asian civilizations.