Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement) was founded in December 1987, at the beginning of the first Intifada [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[3](https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/hamas.html)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas). Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is widely recognized as the principal founder and spiritual leader of Hamas [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[4](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/ethnic-and-cultural-studies/hamas)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas)[6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi is also mentioned as a co-founder [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Yasser Arafat was the leader of the PLO, a rival secular organization [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Ismail Haniyeh and Khalid Meshaal are prominent Hamas leaders who rose to prominence later; Haniyeh became Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority in 2006, and Meshaal became head of Hamas's political bureau in 1996 [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Since Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is not listed among the options, "None of these" is the correct answer.
12
Dr. Kazi Saeeduddin Ahmad, an eminent geographer and scholar of Aligarh University was subsequently appointed as the first Head of Geography Department Punjab University on:
Dr. Kazi Saeeduddin Ahmad was a pioneer of geographic studies in British India and Pakistan who provided demographic mapping data to the Muslim League during the Pakistan Movement. He founded and took charge as the first Head of the Department of Geography at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, on April 20, 1945.
13
Shamsur Rahman Faruqi is best known for his contributions to:
Faruqi is a leading Urdu critic and scholar noted for his analytical studies of classical forms and for reviving interest in traditional narratives and aesthetics.
14
In studies of civil–military relations, the term "praetorianism" refers to:
Praetorianism denotes frequent military intervention and dominance in politics stemming from weak civilian control and institutions.
15
In translation studies applied to Persian-to-English translation, which approach prioritizes natural, sense-for-sense rendering in the target language over literal word-for-word equivalence?
Kurt Lewin introduced gatekeeping in social psychology (1947), and the concept was later applied to media and news selection by scholars like David Manning White.
17
Which term refers to socially expected behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate for males and females in a given culture?
Incorrect option selected; correct is a. (Note: The intended correct answer is that 'gender norms' are culturally prescribed behaviors and attitudes for genders.)
18
Which definition best captures 'gender-based violence' (GBV)?
Incorrect option selected; correct is a. (Note: The intended correct answer is that GBV is any act of physical, sexual or psychological harm inflicted because of gender.)
19
Which theoretical approach in Gender Studies most directly challenges fixed categories of sexual identity and emphasizes fluidity?
