Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement) was founded in December 1987, at the beginning of the first Intifada [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[3](https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/hamas.html)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas). Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is widely recognized as the principal founder and spiritual leader of Hamas [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[4](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/ethnic-and-cultural-studies/hamas)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas)[6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi is also mentioned as a co-founder [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Yasser Arafat was the leader of the PLO, a rival secular organization [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Ismail Haniyeh and Khalid Meshaal are prominent Hamas leaders who rose to prominence later; Haniyeh became Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority in 2006, and Meshaal became head of Hamas's political bureau in 1996 [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Since Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is not listed among the options, "None of these" is the correct answer.
The Darfur conflict is a major armed conflict that began in February 2003 in the Darfur region of western Sudan [2, p3]. The conflict involves the Sudanese government and allied militias against various rebel groups, leading to a significant humanitarian crisis.
13
What position did Hu Jintao hold in China (in 2009)?
In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].
14
Pakistan has become a non-permanent member of the Security Council for (as of early 2011):
As of early 2011, when this paper was likely set, Pakistan had served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council six times. These terms were: 1952–1953, 1968–1969, 1976–1977, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2003–20042. Pakistan was later elected for a seventh term (2012-2013).
15
Dr. Kazi Saeeduddin Ahmad, an eminent geographer and scholar of Aligarh University was subsequently appointed as the first Head of Geography Department Punjab University on:
Dr. Kazi Saeeduddin Ahmad was a pioneer of geographic studies in British India and Pakistan who provided demographic mapping data to the Muslim League during the Pakistan Movement. He founded and took charge as the first Head of the Department of Geography at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, on April 20, 1945.
16
When was the 17th amendment bill ratified by the President, after getting passed by both houses of Majlis e Shura?
The 17th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which validated many of the changes made under Pervez Musharraf's rule, was ratified by the President on December 31, 2003, after being passed by both houses of Parliament.
17
Shamsur Rahman Faruqi is best known for his contributions to:
Faruqi is a leading Urdu critic and scholar noted for his analytical studies of classical forms and for reviving interest in traditional narratives and aesthetics.
18
In studies of civil–military relations, the term "praetorianism" refers to:
Praetorianism denotes frequent military intervention and dominance in politics stemming from weak civilian control and institutions.
19
In translation studies applied to Persian-to-English translation, which approach prioritizes natural, sense-for-sense rendering in the target language over literal word-for-word equivalence?
Kurt Lewin introduced gatekeeping in social psychology (1947), and the concept was later applied to media and news selection by scholars like David Manning White.
