Qutbuddin Aibak, a former general of Muhammad Ghori, founded the Mamluk or Slave Dynasty in 1206 following the death of his master. By declaring independence and establishing his capital in Delhi, he laid the foundation for the Delhi Sultanate, which marked the beginning of sustained Muslim rule in northern India.
172
Who was the first and only female monarch to rule the Delhi Sultanate?
Razia Sultana, the daughter of Iltutmish, ascended the throne of Delhi in 1236. She is historically recognized as the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Her reign was marked by her efforts to assert authority and manage the state, though she faced significant opposition from the nobility of the time.
173
Razia Sultana was a prominent ruler belonging to which dynasty?
Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish and a notable ruler of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty. She holds the distinction of being the first and only female Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, reigning from 1236 to 1240 AD.
174
What was the terminal year of the Mamluk dynasty, commonly referred to as the 'Slave Dynasty', which was established in 1206?
The Mamluk dynasty, often called the Slave Dynasty, was the first of the Delhi Sultanates. It was founded by Qutb ud-Din Aibak in 1206 and continued until 1290, when Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khilji overthrew the last Mamluk ruler, Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, marking the beginning of the Khilji dynasty.
175
Who is historically recognized as the first ruler of the Slave Dynasty in India?
Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a former general of Muhammad Ghori, established the Slave Dynasty (also known as the Mamluk Dynasty) in 1206. Following the death of Ghori, Aibak consolidated power in Delhi, effectively laying the foundation for the Delhi Sultanate. His reign was brief but significant, as he initiated the construction of major architectural landmarks like the Qutub Minar and established the administrative framework that would govern the sultanate for decades to come.
176
Which ruler of the Delhi Sultanate died due to injuries sustained while playing the game of 'Chugan' (polo)?
Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, the founder of the Slave Dynasty in India, died in 1210 AD. Historical accounts state that he suffered a fatal fall from his horse while playing Chugan, a medieval form of polo, in Lahore. His death marked the end of his brief but significant reign, during which he laid the foundations for the Delhi Sultanate's administrative and military structure.
177
Who is historically recognized as the first Muslim ruler to establish a permanent Sultanate in Delhi?
Qutbuddin Aibak, a former general of Muhammad Ghori, established the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty in 1206. He is widely considered the first independent Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, marking the beginning of continuous Muslim political authority in northern India, distinct from the earlier raids conducted by Mahmud of Ghazni.
178
Which 1878 treaty compelled the Ottoman Empire to cede territories including Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro?
The Treaty of San Stefano was signed in 1878 following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. It significantly altered the map of the Balkans by granting independence to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and creating a large autonomous Bulgarian state. This treaty marked a major turning point in the decline of Ottoman influence in Europe, leading to the subsequent Congress of Berlin to revise its terms.
179
In which year was the Ottoman Sultanate officially abolished, marking the end of the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Sultanate was formally abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 1, 1922. This act effectively ended the reign of the last Sultan, Mehmed VI, and dismantled the imperial structure that had governed the Ottoman Empire for over six centuries. This political transition was a critical step in the formation of the modern Republic of Turkey, following the aftermath of World War I and the subsequent Turkish War of Independence.
180
Which conflict was responsible for the final expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from its remaining European territories during 1912–1913?
The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 were fought between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire. The defeat of the Ottoman forces in these wars resulted in the loss of almost all of their remaining territories in Europe. This event significantly altered the political map of the Balkans and contributed to the tensions that eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War.
