The Balance of Power theory posits that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no single state is strong enough to dominate all others. By forming alliances and counter-balancing against rising powers, states aim to maintain stability and prevent the outbreak of major conflicts or hegemonic wars within the international system.

In international relations theory, the balance of power is often viewed as a critical survival strategy for smaller states. By aligning with other powers or forming coalitions, smaller nations attempt to prevent the dominance of a single hegemon, thereby preserving their autonomy and security within an anarchic international system that would otherwise leave them vulnerable to larger, more powerful neighbors.

The balance of power theory suggests that international stability is best maintained when power is distributed among major states so that no single nation can dominate the others. Historically, great powers or 'big' states have been the primary actors capable of exerting enough influence to form alliances, deter aggression, and prevent hegemony, thereby managing the equilibrium of the international system.

The theory of Balance of Power posits that international stability is maintained when no single state or coalition of states becomes powerful enough to dominate all others. By ensuring that power is distributed relatively equally, states create a system of checks and balances that discourages aggression and prevents the emergence of a hegemon, thereby maintaining a state of equilibrium.

In a balance of power system, states seek to prevent any single power from becoming dominant. The 'divide and rule' strategy is frequently used to ensure that potential rivals remain fragmented or preoccupied with each other, thereby preventing the formation of a coalition that could threaten the existing balance. This approach is a classic maneuver in power politics to maintain stability through strategic competition.

The balance of power is generally regarded as having been partially successful in maintaining international order. While it has prevented total global hegemony and provided periods of relative stability, it has also failed to prevent numerous major conflicts and systemic wars. Its effectiveness is debated among scholars, as it often relies on shifting alliances that can lead to miscalculations and the escalation of regional tensions into broader international crises.

The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System, was established in the 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. It served as a diplomatic framework among the major European powers to maintain the balance of power and prevent large-scale conflicts across the continent.

The Congress of Vienna was a major diplomatic conference held in 1815. Its primary objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace.

The balance of power theory suggests that states will take various actions to prevent any single power from becoming hegemonic. While diplomacy, alliances, and treaties are common tools, 'interference and wars' are often viewed as the ultimate or final measures used when diplomatic efforts fail to prevent a shift in power that threatens the stability of the international system. This reflects the realist emphasis on the necessity of force in anarchic systems.

In 2006, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 61/89, which officially launched the process to negotiate a legally binding instrument on the international trade in conventional arms. This initiative aimed to establish common international standards for the import, export, and transfer of conventional weapons to reduce human suffering and promote regional stability, eventually leading to the treaty's adoption in 2013.