Joule and calorie are both units of energy (heat), so they represent the same physical quantity.

Efflux speed ∝ √(depth) and time of fall ∝ √(height above ground); multiplying gives equal ranges for the two holes, so both hit the same spot.

Permittivity ε0 has SI units C^2·N^-1·m^-2 (or F/m), matching option C.

Detachment weight of a drop from a tube end is proportional to surface tension, so the ratio is 30:60 = 1:2.

The International System of Units (SI) was established in 1960 by the 11th CGPM.

The mechanical equivalent relates heat and work and therefore carries the dimensions of energy; it converts heat units to energy (work) units.

K commonly denotes the bulk modulus and G denotes the shear modulus, so respectively they are bulk modulus and shear modulus.

The angle of contact is determined by the interaction between the liquid and the solid surface, so it depends on both the solid and the liquid.

A newton is defined as kg·m·s^-2, the unit of force derived from mass × acceleration.

Height scales inversely with density: h_water ≈ 75 cm × (density_Hg/density_water) ≈ 75 × 13.6 ≈ 1020 cm, so option A is correct.