Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics, proposed the 'golden mean' as a virtue ethics theory. He argued that moral excellence is found by identifying the desirable middle ground between two extremes—one of excess and one of deficiency—thereby promoting balance and moderation in human character and action.

The roots of constitutional governance are found in Ancient Greece, particularly in the works of philosophers like Aristotle, who analyzed different forms of government and the importance of the rule of law. These early thinkers established the foundational concepts regarding the organization of the state and the necessity of legal frameworks to prevent tyranny.

Aristotle dedicated an entire book of his 'Nicomachean Ethics' to the analysis of justice, categorizing it into distributive and corrective forms. While Socrates and Plato also discussed justice extensively, Aristotle's systematic classification of justice as a political virtue remains a foundational element of his political theory and his analysis of the ideal state.

Aristotle categorizes justice into two primary types: particular justice, which deals with fairness in specific transactions or distributions, and general justice. General justice, often equated with 'complete virtue' in relation to others, represents the broader ethical requirement for citizens to act in accordance with the laws and the common good of the community.

The name Nicomachus appears twice in Aristotle's life. It was the name of his father, who was a physician to the Macedonian royal court, and also the name of his son, to whom Aristotle dedicated his famous work, the Nicomachean Ethics.

Aristotle considers Sophocles' 'Oedipus Rex' to be the perfect example of a tragedy. He frequently references it in his 'Poetics' to illustrate key concepts such as 'hamartia' (tragic flaw), 'peripeteia' (reversal of fortune), and 'anagnorisis' (recognition). He argues that the structure of this play effectively evokes the emotions of pity and fear, which he defines as the goal of tragedy.

Alexander the Great, the King of Macedon, was tutored by Aristotle from the age of 13 to 16. Aristotle's extensive teachings on ethics, politics, and science profoundly influenced Alexander's intellectual development and his subsequent military and administrative pursuits across his vast empire.

Aristotle defined the six constituent elements of tragedy as: Plot (mythos), Character (ethos), Thought (dianoia), Diction (lexis), Melody (melos), and Spectacle (opsis). While 'reversal' (peripeteia) is a crucial structural device within the plot, it is not considered one of the six primary components of the tragedy itself. It is a technique used to achieve the tragic effect, rather than a fundamental building block of the genre.

Aristotle is widely recognized as the father of political science for his empirical approach to studying governance. In his work 'Politics,' he conducted a comparative analysis of 158 Greek city-state constitutions. This systematic study allowed him to categorize governments based on the number of rulers and the intent of their governance, providing a foundational framework that influenced political theory for centuries.

Aristotle argued that private property is natural and beneficial because it encourages individual responsibility and care for resources. He believed that people take better care of what they own personally compared to communal property. While he acknowledged the potential for greed, he maintained that property ownership is a natural outcome of human effort and is essential for the exercise of virtues like generosity, distinguishing his view from the communal ideals of Plato.