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The MCQs below are drawn from the Psychology subject category.
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61
Which concept characterizes the social interdependency found in industrial societies, where individuals rely on a complex network of specialized roles?
Organic solidarity, a term coined by Émile Durkheim, describes social cohesion based on the interdependence that arises from the division of labor in complex, industrial societies. Unlike mechanical solidarity, which is based on shared beliefs and similarities in simpler societies, organic solidarity functions like a biological organism where different parts perform specialized tasks to maintain the whole system's survival and stability.
62
Which term, introduced by Max Weber, refers to a group of individuals who share a common level of social prestige and lifestyle, distinct from their economic class?
Max Weber defined a status group as a collection of individuals who share a common social standing, lifestyle, and prestige. Unlike economic class, which is based on material wealth, status groups are defined by social honor and the way members interact within their community. This concept is fundamental to understanding social stratification beyond simple economic metrics.
63
According to Solomon Asch's classic research on conformity, which two factors are most critical in influencing a participant's likelihood to conform?
Asch's studies revealed that conformity increases as the size of the unanimous majority increases, up to a certain point. Furthermore, the presence of a single dissenter significantly reduces conformity. Therefore, the combination of group size and the unanimity of the group's opinion are the primary determinants of whether an individual will conform to the group's incorrect judgment.
64
What was a fundamental conclusion drawn from Milgram's 1963 study regarding the nature of human obedience?
Milgram's research challenged the assumption that only 'evil' or pathological individuals commit harmful acts. Instead, he demonstrated that ordinary, psychologically healthy people can be induced to perform cruel actions when placed in specific social situations. The study highlights the power of situational variables—such as the perceived authority of the experimenter—in shaping human behavior, often overriding individual moral judgment.
65
In Solomon Asch's classic experiment, where participants were asked to judge the relative lengths of lines, what social psychological process was he investigating?
Solomon Asch's line-judgment experiment was designed to study conformity. By placing a participant in a group of confederates who gave intentionally wrong answers, Asch observed how individuals would often conform to the group's incorrect consensus to avoid social discomfort or to fit in with the majority opinion.
66
What term describes the shared patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are recognized and followed by members of a group?
Social norms are the unwritten rules or expectations that govern behavior within a specific social group. These norms dictate what is considered acceptable or appropriate conduct, helping to maintain social order and predictability. Members of a group recognize these standards and often adjust their behavior to conform to them, which facilitates social cohesion and interaction within the community.
67
According to Emile Durkheim, what is one of the positive functions of deviance in society?
Emile Durkheim argued that deviance is not merely destructive but serves a functional role in society. By challenging existing norms, deviant behavior highlights the boundaries of acceptable conduct and acts as a catalyst for social evolution. When society reacts to deviance, it often leads to necessary reforms, adaptation, and progress, ultimately strengthening social cohesion and ensuring the community remains dynamic rather than stagnant.
68
Which prominent sociologist is credited with introducing the concept of 'Anomic Suicide' to describe self-destructive behavior resulting from social instability?
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a foundational French sociologist who coined the term 'Anomic Suicide.' This concept describes a specific type of suicide that occurs during periods of rapid social change or economic upheaval, where traditional social norms and values break down, leaving individuals feeling disconnected and without clear guidance or purpose in society.
Social norms are the unwritten rules, standards, and expectations that guide behavior within a specific group or society. They dictate what is considered appropriate or acceptable conduct in various social situations. Unlike formal laws, norms are often enforced through social pressure, approval, or disapproval, and they help maintain social order and predictability by providing a shared framework for interaction among members of a community.
70
Which term describes the set of behaviors, obligations, and privileges expected of individuals occupying a specific social position?
A social role represents the expected behavior patterns associated with a particular status in society. It acts as a script that guides how individuals should interact with others, helping to maintain social order by making behavior predictable. Roles are essential for the functioning of social institutions, as they define the duties and expectations that individuals must fulfill to contribute effectively to their group or community.
