'Kitab al-Kharaj' is a seminal work on Islamic taxation, land administration, and public finance written by Imam Abu Yusuf, the chief jurist of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Operation Neptune Spear was carried out by US Navy SEALs in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on May 2, 2011.

Rival fits because it denotes a competing business that would look for opportunities to undermine or destroy him.

IBM stands for International Business Machine, so International Business Machine is the correct answer.

Duplicate of Q27. 2011 mission (CIA).

Operation Neptune Spear was the 2011 mission that killed Osama bin Laden, per US military records (e.g., CIA reports).

The National Identity Card system was established under the National Registration Act in 1973 during the administration of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Originally named the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1969, its name was officially changed to Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 2011.

At around age 12, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on a merchant caravan to Syria (al-Sham), where they met the monk Bahira at Busra.

As of early 2007 (the year of this paper), Ban Ki-moon of South Korea was the UN Secretary-General. He assumed office on January 1, 2007, succeeding Kofi Annan [1, p5]. His first term ended in 2011, and he was re-elected for a second term.