The Amazon basin experienced one of its most severe droughts on record, isolating communities, killing wildlife, and disrupting critical river transport.

The primary sticking point was the refusal of major oil and plastic-producing nations to agree to binding caps on the production of primary plastic polymers.

Forecasts and reports for the 2025 hurricane season identified Hurricane Melissa as a major storm impacting Haiti and the surrounding Caribbean region in October.

The ICJ held hearings in 2024 and was expected to issue an advisory opinion in 2025 clarifying the legal obligations of states to protect the climate system.

Mozambique, frequently hit by cyclones, faced significant impacts from Tropical Cyclone Jude in March 2025.

The EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) targets commodities like cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood to ensure they are not produced on deforested land.

Morocco (along with Sierra Leone) ratified the treaty on September 19, 2025, providing the crucial 60th ratification needed for the treaty to become international law.

China expanded its carbon market coverage in 2025 to include heavy industrial sectors like steel, aluminum, and cement, significantly increasing the market's scope.

After being operationalized at previous COPs, the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage was set to officially open for funding requests from developing nations in December 2025.

In a major policy shift, China pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 7-10% from peak levels by 2035, positioning itself as a climate leader ahead of the UN summit.