Allama Muhammad Iqbal completed his Ph.D. at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1908. His dissertation was titled 'The Development of Metaphysics in Persia', which provided a comprehensive historical and philosophical analysis of Persian thought, reflecting his deep interest in Islamic philosophy and mysticism.

Zaboor-e-Ajam, or 'Persian Psalms', is a significant collection of Persian poetry written by Allama Iqbal. Published in 1927, it demonstrates his mastery of the Persian language and his ability to convey complex philosophical concepts through lyrical verse. The work focuses on the development of the self (Khudi) and the spiritual journey of the individual within the context of Islamic tradition.

Payam-e-Mashriq, or 'Message of the East', was written by Allama Iqbal in 1923 as a response to Goethe's 'West-östlicher Divan'. It is a profound work of Persian poetry that seeks to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western thought. Iqbal uses this work to present his vision of a revitalized Islamic civilization that engages critically with modern philosophical challenges.

Allama Iqbal received his early education and tutelage from Maulvi Syed Mir Hassan. Mir Hassan was a profound scholar of Arabic and Persian, and he played a pivotal role in shaping Iqbal's intellectual, linguistic, and literary development, fostering a deep appreciation for Islamic heritage and classical literature.

'Armaghan-e-Hijaz' (Gift of Hijaz) is a collection of poetry written by the renowned philosopher and poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Published posthumously, it contains verses in both Persian and Urdu, reflecting his deep spiritual, philosophical, and political thoughts regarding the Muslim world, the concept of 'Khudi' (selfhood), and the revival of Islamic intellectual tradition.

Payam-e-Mashrik, or 'Message from the East', is a notable poetic work by Allama Iqbal, published in 1923. It was written as a response to Goethe's 'West-östlicher Divan'. This literary masterpiece showcases his intellectual depth and creative prowess, solidifying his position as a prominent figure in Urdu and Persian literature and philosophy.

Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye are prominent neo-liberal institutionalists who co-authored 'Power and Interdependence'. This seminal text introduced the concept of complex interdependence, challenging traditional realist assumptions about state-centric power dynamics in international relations. By analyzing how transnational actors and economic issues influence global politics, they provided a foundational framework for understanding modern international cooperation and the limitations of military force in an increasingly interconnected global system.

The G20 was established in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis. It was initially created as a meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors to discuss global economic stability. It was later elevated to a summit level in 2008 following the global financial crisis.

The Goldstone Report, officially titled the Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, was published in 2009. It investigated allegations of war crimes and potential crimes against humanity committed by both the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian armed groups during the 2008-2009 Gaza War, providing a comprehensive legal analysis of the hostilities.

The statement claiming the monarchy was restored in 2008 is historically incorrect. In reality, 2008 marked the culmination of a long democratic struggle in Nepal, resulting in the formal abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a Federal Democratic Republic. The other options correctly reflect the timeline of Nepal's transition from absolute monarchy to a democratic system, including the 1990 constitution and the 2006 democratic movement.