“Temporal” refers to the transient physical world in Plato’s philosophy (Oxford Dictionary).

The Darfur conflict is a major armed conflict that began in February 2003 in the Darfur region of western Sudan [2, p3]. The conflict involves the Sudanese government and allied militias against various rebel groups, leading to a significant humanitarian crisis.

In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].

As of early 2011, when this paper was likely set, Pakistan had served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council six times. These terms were: 1952–1953, 1968–1969, 1976–1977, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2003–20042. Pakistan was later elected for a seventh term (2012-2013).

Iqbal’s “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam” (1930) is a seminal collection of his lectures on modernizing Islamic philosophy.

Shah Wali Ullah, a prominent Islamic scholar, authored "Hujjatullah ul-Baligha" to explain Islamic laws and philosophy.

Allama Iqbal authored “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam,” a collection of lectures on Islamic philosophy[1].

The 17th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which validated many of the changes made under Pervez Musharraf's rule, was ratified by the President on December 31, 2003, after being passed by both houses of Parliament.

"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam" is a compilation of lectures delivered by Muhammad Iqbal on Islamic philosophy and published in 1930.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal authored "Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam" (1930), a collection of lectures on Islamic philosophy and reform. The original question had a typo (“Thoughts”), corrected to “Thought,” and the answer was correct.