Niccolò Machiavelli wrote 'The Prince' in 1513. It is a seminal work of modern political philosophy, famously arguing that the ends justify the means for a ruler to maintain power.

Satyagraha ('Truth Force' or 'Soul Force') was Gandhi's method of non-violent resistance to evil.

The Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE) saw extensive achievements in arts, architecture, science, religion, and philosophy in India.

Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE).

The Analects, a collection of sayings and teachings attributed to Confucius, is the primary sacred text of Confucianism. It serves as a guide for moral conduct and social harmony, central to Confucian philosophy.

Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in Punjab, India. His teachings on monotheism, equality, and devotion form the core of Sikh religious philosophy.

The Tripitaka, also known as the Pali Canon, is the sacred text of Buddhism, containing the teachings of the Buddha. It is divided into three sections: Vinaya, Sutta, and Abhidhamma, guiding Buddhist practice and philosophy.

Kung Fu Tsu, also known as Confucius, founded Confucianism in the 6th century BC. His teachings, emphasizing ethics, family values, and social harmony, became a cornerstone of Chinese culture and philosophy.

Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is considered the founder or revitalizer of Jainism. His teachings on non-violence, truth, and asceticism in the 6th century BCE shaped Jain philosophy.

Buddhism emphasizes the Four Noble Truths, which outline the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to liberation (the Eightfold Path), forming the foundation of Buddhist philosophy.