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The MCQs below are drawn from the Principle of Engineering subject category.
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41
Which principle best reflects the rule of inviolability of diplomatic premises under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961)?
A. Diplomatic premises may be searched by host-state police with prior notice.
B. Diplomatic agents have no immunity from criminal jurisdiction in the receiving state.
C. Diplomatic premises are inviolable and the receiving state must take all steps to protect them from intrusion or damage.
D. Host state officials may enter premises to prevent public disorder without consent.
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Explanation
The Vienna Convention establishes that diplomatic premises are inviolable and the receiving state must protect them against intrusion or damage.
42
Which principle did Pakistan's Objectives Resolution (1949) assert regarding sovereignty?
A. Sovereignty belongs to Allah and is to be exercised through the state and its institutions
B. Sovereignty resides solely with the people and the state must be strictly secular
C. Sovereignty is vested in the British Crown until a constitution is framed
D. Sovereignty rests with the provinces and limits central authority
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Explanation
The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty belongs to Allah and that the people would exercise authority through state institutions while guiding law-making by Islamic principles.
43
Which principle of good governance is primarily concerned with the supremacy of law, equal application of legal rules, and protection of fundamental rights?
A. Transparency
B. Accountability
C. Rule of law
D. Responsiveness
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Explanation
The rule of law emphasizes legal supremacy, consistent application of laws, and protection of rights, distinguishing it from transparency or responsiveness.
44
Which geological principle states that layers of sediment are originally deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal sheets?
A. Law of superposition
B. Principle of faunal succession
C. Principle of cross-cutting relationships
D. Principle of original horizontality
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Explanation
The principle of original horizontality holds that sediments settle out in horizontal layers, so tilting indicates later deformation.
45
Which reform was introduced by Napoleon and helped to spread revolutionary principles across much of Europe?
A. The abolition of feudal privileges and confirmation of legal equality before the law through codes such as the Napoleonic Code.
B. Restoration of serfdom to reinforce rural stability throughout occupied territories.
C. The permanent political unification of Italy under French rule.
D. A return to medieval guild controls to regulate industry.
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Explanation
Napoleon implemented legal reforms like the Napoleonic Code that abolished feudal privileges and promoted legal equality and property rights.
46
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is most often credited with which long-term development in European international relations?
A. The creation of a permanent European parliament to adjudicate interstate disputes.
B. The universal acceptance of popular sovereignty over monarchs in all European states.
C. The immediate end of all sectarian religious tensions across Europe.
D. The establishment of state sovereignty and recognition of territorial integrity among European polities.
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Explanation
Westphalia affirmed the principle of sovereign territorial states and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, shaping modern diplomacy.
47
Which guiding principle dominated the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) in reorganizing Europe after Napoleon’s defeat?
A. The promotion of nationalist self-determination as the primary organizing principle for states.
B. The restoration of legitimate dynasties and a balance-of-power system to prevent future French dominance.
C. The immediate spread of liberal constitutions and representative government across Europe.
D. The creation of a single European federation under Austrian leadership.
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Explanation
The Congress prioritized restoring pre-revolutionary rulers and constructing a balance of power to contain France and preserve stability.
48
The 'polluter pays' principle in environmental policy primarily requires that:
A. Those who cause pollution should bear the costs of preventing or remedying it.
B. Pollution responsibility is shared equally by all citizens.
C. Polluters must only disclose the pollution but not pay.
D. Pollution control is funded exclusively by the government.
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Correct Option
Explanation
The polluter-pays principle assigns financial responsibility for pollution prevention or remediation to the polluter, so option a is correct.
49
Which of the following is NOT listed among the optional subjects in the provided syllabus extract?
A. Sociology
B. Electrical Engineering
C. Law
D. Geography
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Explanation
Electrical Engineering does not appear in the provided list of optional subjects in the extract.
50
Phishing attacks are best classified under which type of cybercrime technique?
A. Malware distribution through infected executables
B. Social engineering to deceive users into revealing credentials
C. Distributed denial-of-service attacks overwhelming networks
D. Exploiting database vulnerabilities via SQL injection
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Explanation
Phishing uses social engineering—deceptive messages or sites—to trick users into divulging credentials or personal information.
