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The MCQs below are drawn from the Principle of Engineering subject category.
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61
Which guiding principle dominated the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) in reorganizing Europe after Napoleon’s defeat?
A. The promotion of nationalist self-determination as the primary organizing principle for states.
B. The restoration of legitimate dynasties and a balance-of-power system to prevent future French dominance.
C. The immediate spread of liberal constitutions and representative government across Europe.
D. The creation of a single European federation under Austrian leadership.
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Explanation
The Congress prioritized restoring pre-revolutionary rulers and constructing a balance of power to contain France and preserve stability.
62
The 'polluter pays' principle in environmental policy primarily requires that:
A. Those who cause pollution should bear the costs of preventing or remedying it.
B. Pollution responsibility is shared equally by all citizens.
C. Polluters must only disclose the pollution but not pay.
D. Pollution control is funded exclusively by the government.
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Explanation
The polluter-pays principle assigns financial responsibility for pollution prevention or remediation to the polluter, so option a is correct.
63
Which of the following is NOT listed among the optional subjects in the provided syllabus extract?
A. Sociology
B. Electrical Engineering
C. Law
D. Geography
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Explanation
Electrical Engineering does not appear in the provided list of optional subjects in the extract.
64
Phishing attacks are best classified under which type of cybercrime technique?
A. Malware distribution through infected executables
B. Social engineering to deceive users into revealing credentials
C. Distributed denial-of-service attacks overwhelming networks
D. Exploiting database vulnerabilities via SQL injection
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Explanation
Phishing uses social engineering—deceptive messages or sites—to trick users into divulging credentials or personal information.
65
The Classical School of criminology, exemplified by Beccaria and Bentham, is primarily founded on which core principle?
A. Free will and rational choice leading to deterrent punishment
B. Biological determinism and scientific measurement
C. Societal reaction and the construction of deviance
D. Strain from social structures causing crime
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Explanation
The Classical School emphasizes that individuals exercise free will and calculate costs and benefits, so proportionate, deterrent punishment is advocated.
66
Directive Principles of State Policy in many constitutions are generally:
A. Justiciable fundamental rights enforceable in courts.
B. Non-justiciable guidelines for the state to achieve socio-economic goals.
C. A set of criminal laws to be enforced by executive agencies.
D. International treaties binding on the legislature.
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Explanation
Directive Principles typically serve as non-justiciable policy guidelines for the state to guide legislation and policy, not enforceable rights.
67
Which of the following best describes the principle of constitutional supremacy in a written constitution?
A. The constitution is the highest law and any statute inconsistent with it is invalid.
B. The legislature is supreme and its laws cannot be questioned by courts.
C. The executive can override the constitution during emergencies.
D. The judiciary makes laws when parliament is silent.
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Explanation
Constitutional supremacy means the constitution is the supreme law and courts can invalidate legislation inconsistent with it.
68
Which Agile principle emphasizes people and their interactions over rigid processes and tool enforcement?
A. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
B. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
C. Responding to change over following a plan
D. Working software over comprehensive documentation
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Explanation
One of the Agile Manifesto principles explicitly values individuals and their interactions above processes and tools to foster collaboration and adaptability.
69
Which practice in Sikhism most directly expresses the principle of social equality?
A. Pilgrimage to Mecca
B. A caste-based priesthood
C. Animal sacrifice
D. Langar (community kitchen serving all people)
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Explanation
Langar, the community kitchen serving free meals to all regardless of caste or status, embodies Sikhism's commitment to equality.
70
Which archaeological principle states that, in undisturbed contexts, lower strata are older than those above them?
A. Seriation
B. Law of superposition (stratigraphy)
C. Typology
D. Cross-dating
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Explanation
The law of superposition in stratigraphy holds that deeper archaeological layers were deposited earlier and are therefore older than upper layers.
