The 1998–2000 border war was triggered by a skirmish in Badme. A boundary commission awarded it to Eritrea, but Ethiopia occupied it until 2018.

The 2018 National Defense Strategy signaled a shift from counter-terrorism to Great Power Competition (Russia/China).

Ireland repealed the Eighth Amendment via a referendum.

The movement began as a protest against fuel tax increases.

A section of the Polcevera Viaduct (Morandi Bridge) collapsed during a rainstorm, killing 43 people.

The Camp Fire completely destroyed the town of Paradise, California, killing 85 people.

Anak Krakatau’s 2018 eruption caused a flank collapse, triggering a tsunami that killed over 400 people in Indonesia, demonstrating the secondary hazards of volcanic activity.

Sulawesi, Indonesia, was hit by a tsunami in 2018 following a 7.5-magnitude earthquake in Palu, causing over 4,000 deaths and highlighting the region’s seismic risks.

Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhi script in India (Sikh religion) and the Shahmukhi script (a Perso-Arabic variant) in Pakistan, making it a major language spanning both countries.

Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam are the four major languages of the Dravidian family, spoken predominantly in Southern India. Marathi, Punjabi, and Odia are all Indo-Aryan languages.