Recidivism is most often operationalized as rearrest (or reconviction/reincarceration) within a defined follow-up period in longitudinal research.

امرؤ القيس is one of the well-known pre-Islamic poets traditionally included among the Mu'allaqat.

Islamic tradition records that Hazrat Amina, the Prophet's mother, proposed the name 'Ahmed' for him.

Dhimmi denotes a non-Muslim living in an Islamic state who historically held a protected communal status under Islamic law.

According to Islamic historical sources, zakat was made obligatory in 2 AH (the second year after Hijra).

Kazakhstan is the largest country by land area among Muslim-majority states, so it is the biggest Muslim country by area.

Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world, making it the largest Muslim-majority country by population.

Islamic historical accounts state the Qibla was changed in the 2nd Hijri year, when direction of prayer was switched to Mecca.

Personal matters are governed by individual ethics, meaning private choices and personal conscience control one’s personal behavior.

Mann-o-Salwa refers to the heavenly food mentioned in Islamic texts, literally meaning ‘food of heaven’ provided to the faithful.