The worship of Vishnu is a later development associated with Vedic and Puranic Hinduism. Harappan religion focused on the Mother Goddess, a Proto-Shiva figure, and nature worship (trees like Peepal, animals).

Mehrgarh, located in Balochistan (Pakistan), dates back to around 7000 BCE. It provides the earliest known evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep, goats) in South Asia.

The 'Unicorn'—a mythical creature resembling a bull with a single long horn—is the most common image found on Indus seals. While the Zebu bull is also famous, the unicorn motif appears in the highest frequency.

Unlike most Harappan cities which are divided into two parts (the Citadel and the Lower Town), Dholavira is unique for its tripartite division: a Citadel, a Middle Town, and a Lower Town.

Hastinapur, the legendary capital of the Kuru Kingdom in the Mahabharata, is identified with a site in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh.

Lothal is the only Indus city with a confirmed artificial dockyard. The presence of this dock, along with seals of Persian Gulf origin found there, confirms its role as a major center for maritime trade.

The Pashupati seal shows a three-faced figure seated in a yogic position (often identified as Mulabandhasana) on a low throne. The figure is surrounded by animals—an elephant, a tiger, a rhino, and a buffalo—leading scholars to identify it as 'Proto-Shiva' or the Lord of Animals.

Bharukaccha, known today as Bharuch, is an ancient port city located in Gujarat. It served as a critical trading hub connecting India with the West across the Arabian Sea.

While bull motifs are common, the most exquisite and famous 'Bull Seal' (often depicting a humped Zebu bull) was found at Mohenjo-daro. It is celebrated for its detailed carving and artistic quality.

Mohenjo-daro has yielded a large number of terracotta female figurines. These are widely believed to represent a Mother Goddess, indicating a cult of fertility and divine feminine worship in the city.