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The MCQs below are drawn from the Public Administration subject category.
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81
Which term best describes governance that involves networks of state and non-state actors working collaboratively to make and implement public decisions?
A. Traditional government
B. Governance
C. Bureaucratic administration
D. Partisan politics
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Explanation
Governance denotes a broader, networked mode of public decision-making involving both state and non-state actors, unlike traditional hierarchical government.
82
In the classical policy cycle model, which stage typically initiates the public policy process by identifying problems and prioritizing issues for government attention?
A. Agenda setting
B. Policy formulation
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
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Explanation
Agenda setting is the initial stage where problems are recognized and selected for government attention, preceding formulation and implementation.
83
What is the primary aim of 'gender budgeting' in public policy?
A. To allocate separate, equal funds exclusively for women-led organizations
B. To reduce overall public spending by removing gender-targeted programs
C. To assess only the economic cost of gender-based programs without policy change
D. To integrate gender equity considerations into the budget process to ensure resources address different needs of women and men
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Explanation
Gender budgeting integrates gender equity into budgeting to ensure resources are allocated in ways that address differential needs and impacts.
84
Which of the following is a pure public good by standard economic definition?
A. National defense: non-excludable and non-rivalrous.
B. Cable television subscription: non-rival but excludable.
C. Fisheries in the high seas: excludable and rivalrous.
D. A toll road: non-excludable and rivalrous.
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Explanation
National defense is non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meeting the criteria of a pure public good, unlike the other examples.
85
Which was a major social consequence of the First World War for Britain?
A. The immediate establishment of universal healthcare and full welfare provisions.
B. The complete disappearance of class distinctions and aristocratic privilege.
C. The immediate granting of full political equality to colonial subjects within the Empire.
D. An expanded role for the state in social welfare and the economy, accelerating reforms such as pensions and public health measures.
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Explanation
WWI expanded state intervention and led to increased attention to social welfare, including pensions and public health reforms, though full welfare systems developed gradually afterward.
86
Oliver Cromwell’s role in mid-17th century Britain is best described as:
A. A monarch who restored the Stuarts to the throne.
B. A conciliatory parliamentary leader who preserved the monarchy under new limits.
C. A foreign diplomat who negotiated the union with Scotland.
D. The leader of the Parliamentarian forces who became Lord Protector and governed as head of a republican-leaning commonwealth.
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Explanation
Cromwell led the Parliamentarians in the Civil War, oversaw the execution of Charles I, and ruled as Lord Protector during the republican Protectorate.
87
Where is Headquarter of Pakistan railways?
A. Fasilabad
B. Karachi
C. Islamabad
D. Lahore
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Explanation
Pakistan Railways' central administration and headquarters are located in Lahore.
88
A tax system usually comprises :
A. Tax policy and audit
B. Tax reforms and automation
C. Tax policy and revenue administration
D. None
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Explanation
A tax system combines tax policy (the rules and rates) with revenue administration (the collection and enforcement arm) to raise taxes.
89
The most important source of a Government is :
A. Foreign loans
B. Taxes
C. Printing of new money
D. Sale of Government property
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Explanation
Taxes are the government's most important source of revenue because they provide the regular public funds needed to finance services and budgets.
90
Pakistan became Islamic Republic in which constitution _____?
A. 1956
B. 1973
C. 1962
D. None of the above
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Explanation
The 1956 Constitution was Pakistan's first full constitution and it formally declared the country the 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan'.
