Pakistan's first constitution was adopted in 1956, which declared the country an Islamic republic; the other years correspond to independence and later constitutions.

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the highest law of the land, making option d correct.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body charged with constitutional interpretation, so option c is correct.

The WHO is the UN agency responsible for international public health and coordinating responses to disease outbreaks, making option d correct.

PPPs leverage private capital and expertise while allocating some construction and operational risks to private partners, though public oversight remains necessary.

TOD concentrates mixed-use, higher-density development near transit nodes to increase public-transport use and reduce car dependence.

Mills' sociological imagination refers to linking personal troubles to public issues and understanding individuals within broader social contexts.

E-governance enhances transparency and access to information, which can reduce corruption and improve citizen oversight of public services.

Subsidiarity holds that responsibilities should be assigned to the lowest competent level to enhance responsiveness and efficiency.

Public choice theory applies economic assumptions of self-interest and incentives to public actors, explaining behavior as responses to those incentives.