Al Gore, former U.S. Vice President, was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2, p2]. They were recognized for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change, with Gore's work on raising awareness about global warming being a key aspect.

The United Nations has six official working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish [2, p24]. These languages are used in UN meetings and for all official UN documents.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank that was established on August 22, 1966 [2, p23]. Its mission is to promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific.

The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, was scheduled to end on December 31, 2012 [2, p22]. Subsequent discussions and amendments (like the Doha Amendment) extended commitments for some parties, but the initial period concluded in 2012. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, has since become the primary international framework for climate action post-2020.

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, is widely considered the first major global conference to focus on environmental issues and laid the groundwork for the concept of sustainable development2.

The United Nations has six official working languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish2. All official UN documents and meetings utilize these languages.

"The Social Contract" is a famous philosophical work written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1762. It discusses the legitimacy of government and the idea of collective sovereignty.

Development refers to the process by which a country improves the economic, social, and political well-being of its people, raising their standard of living and meeting basic needs.

Operation Desert Shield began on 2 August 1990, immediately after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. Its purpose was to deter further Iraqi aggression by positioning a multinational coalition—led by the United States—along Saudi Arabia’s northern border. This defensive buildup laid the groundwork for the subsequent offensive, Operation Desert Storm, which liberated Kuwait in early 1991. Operation Desert Shield was the U.S. operational name for the buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia’s defense from 2 August 1990 until 16 January 1991. When it became clear that Iraq would not withdraw from Kuwait, Desert Shield transitioned into Operation Desert Storm.

Recognized for his humanitarian work amidst conflict, Mohamad Al Jounde became the first Syrian recipient of the award.