Turkish is the official language of Turkey. It is a Turkic language and, since 1928, has been written exclusively using a modified Latin alphabet, replacing the former Ottoman Turkish script (Perso-Arabic).

An Abjad is a writing system where each character stands for a consonant, and the reader must supply the appropriate vowel sound (though some vowel markings exist). This is typical of Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew.

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and is written in an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq. It is mutually intelligible with Hindi, but they differ primarily in script and formal vocabulary.

The six official languages of the UN are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Despite being a major world language, Portuguese is not officially recognized by the UN.

Arabic, along with Hebrew and Amharic, belongs to the Semitic branch, which originated in the Middle East. Turkish is a Turkic language, Farsi is Indo-Iranian, and Swahili is a Bantu (Niger-Congo) language.

Baghdad is called the 'City of Peace,' from its Arabic name 'Madinat al-Salam,' reflecting its historical founding ideal. Unlike Geneva, Hague, or Oslo, which are associated with peace but lack this specific name, Baghdad’s historical context defines the nickname.

Jabal-i-Tariq, meaning 'Mountain of Tariq,' was renamed Gibraltar in 1408, derived from its Arabic name, reflecting its strategic Mediterranean location.

Mecca was renamed Makkah on February 3, 1983, to align with Arabic pronunciation and transliteration standards, maintaining its religious significance.

Hebrew is the primary official language, but Arabic is also legally recognized as a language with special status in Israel.

Persian, or Farsi, is the official language of Iran and is an Indo-European language, unlike the neighboring Semitic (Arabic) or Turkic languages.