The World Bank published the 'Doing Business' report, which ranked countries on the ease of doing business. It was discontinued in 2021 due to data irregularities, but remains a famous benchmark in the history of international financial metrics.

A subsidy is a benefit given to an individual, business, or institution, usually by the government. It is typically in the form of a cash payment or a tax reduction. Subsidies are often used to support sectors that are deemed socially desirable or strategic, like agriculture or renewable energy.

Competition is a vital force in a market economy. When multiple businesses compete for customers, they are incentivized to lower prices, improve product quality, and innovate to gain market share.

Opportunity cost is a fundamental economic concept. It represents the potential benefits an individual, investor, or business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. For example, if you spend time studying, the opportunity cost is the leisure time you gave up.

Privatization is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). It is often done to increase efficiency and reduce the fiscal burden on the state.

The profit motive is the drive to generate a net financial gain from business activities. In a capitalist system, this incentive encourages entrepreneurs to take risks, innovate, and improve efficiency to maximize their returns.

Southwest Airlines is a major American airline and the world's largest low-cost carrier, known for its budget-friendly business model.

German Samoa was a Class C mandate. These territories were considered best administered under the laws of the mandatory power as integral portions of its territory. The administration of Western Samoa was conferred upon New Zealand.

Tanganyika (modern-day mainland Tanzania) was a former German colony in East Africa. Following World War I, it became a Class B mandate under the administration of Great Britain, while the smaller neighboring territories of Ruanda-Urundi were assigned to Belgium.

The Permanent Mandates Commission was the body responsible for oversight of the territories taken from the defeated powers of WWI (Germany and the Ottoman Empire). It was formally constituted and held its first session in 1921 to review the administration of these mandated territories under Article 22.