Attabad Lake was formed in January 2010 in the Gojal Valley of northern Pakistan. It was created by a massive landslide that blocked the flow of the Hunza River, resulting in a large reservoir that submerged several villages and a portion of the Karakoram Highway.

Before the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2010, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was known as the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The name was changed to reflect the ethnic identity of the Pashtun people living in the region.

The Japanese mission Hayabusa, launched by JAXA, was the first to land on an asteroid (Itokawa) and return physical samples back to Earth in June 2010.

Penology examines penal systems, punishment, and offender rehabilitation. It spans criminology, law, and sociology. Dendrology studies trees, philology/etymology words, and meteorology covers atmospheric optics. Thus, A is correct.

Specific past time requires Simple Past tense. Correct: 'He passed'.

Rule: Prepositions of Time (For vs. Since). The sentence uses the Present Perfect Continuous tense ('has been living'). This tense is often used with 'for' and 'since' to indicate duration. 'For' is used with a period of time (e.g., for ten years). 'Since' is used with a specific point in time (e.g., since 2010, since last Monday). 'She was a child' refers to a specific point in the past when the action began. Therefore, 'since' is the correct preposition. Option (a) 'for' is incorrect because 'she was a child' is not a duration. Option (c) 'from' is typically used with 'to' or 'until' to mark a start and end point. Option (d) 'until' marks an end point, which doesn't fit the context of an ongoing action.

**Rule**: The **Past Perfect Tense** is used to describe a change that happened before a specific point in time in the past. **Correct Usage**: The city's transformation ('had changed') occurred in the period before the specific past time of the visit ('by the time I visited it again in 2010'). **Incorrect Options**: (a) 'changed' (Simple Past) is less precise. (b) 'was changing' (Past Continuous) means the change was in progress during the visit. (d) 'has changed' is a present tense.

Rule: Prepositions of Time (For vs. Since). The sentence uses the Present Perfect Continuous tense ('has been living'). This tense is often used with 'for' and 'since' to indicate duration. 'For' is used with a period of time (e.g., for ten years). 'Since' is used with a specific point in time (e.g., since 2010, since last Monday). 'She was a child' refers to a specific point in the past when the action began. Therefore, 'since' is the correct preposition. Option (a) 'for' is incorrect because 'she was a child' is not a duration. Option (c) 'from' is typically used with 'to' or 'until' to mark a start and end point. Option (d) 'until' marks an end point, which doesn't fit the context of an ongoing action.

Psephology is the statistical study of elections and voting trends. Demography is the study of populations. Graphology is the study of handwriting. Criminology is the study of crime.

Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading figure of Latin American literature, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010.