Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam because it is the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must perform once if they are physically and financially able.

Abu Sufyan — he led the Quraysh forces opposing the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud, so Abu Sufyan fits as the commander of the infidels in that battle.

Quaid-e-Azam resigned from the Indian National Congress in 1920, the year he formally left the party to pursue separate political work for Muslims.

The case was registered on 12th January 2012, so that date is the recorded filing date for Tethyan Copper Company's action against Pakistan.

Duplicate of Q35. Violence in Kolkata (Guha).

Direct Action Day sparked widespread violence in Kolkata (Calcutta), per historical accounts (e.g., Guha, “India After Gandhi”).

The Charter of Medina (Mithaq al-Madina), drafted in 622 CE, established civic rights, common defense, and judicial authority among Muslims and Jewish tribes in Madina.

The funeral prayer is a collective communal obligation (Fard al-Kifayah); if a group of Muslims performs it, the obligation is discharged for the entire community.

As of 2007, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), now known as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, had 57 member states [1, p6]. This number has remained relatively stable, although Syria's membership was suspended in 2012.

Robert Bruce Zoellick was the eleventh president of the World Bank [2, p23]. He served in this position from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012, and was therefore the president at the time of this paper in 2009.