The Upanishads are late Vedic Sanskrit texts of Hindu philosophy which supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy.

The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two fundamental Sanskrit epics of ancient India, central to Hindu mythology and philosophy.

The Yin and Yang symbol is a fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy and Taoism (Daoism), representing opposite but interconnected forces.

Ahimsa (non-violence) is central to Jain philosophy.

Meritocracy is a political philosophy which holds that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively based on ability and talent, rather than on wealth, class, or family connections.

Libertarianism is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism, and voluntary association.

Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment.

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy, calling for the abolition of the state.

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Conservatives generally seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity.

In Marxist philosophy, the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy.