Sindh MDCAT - Logical Reasoning MCQs

31

In Baddeley’s working memory model, which subsystem is primarily responsible for the temporary storage and rehearsal of verbal material?

A

Central executive, which allocates attention and coordinates subsystems.

B

Phonological loop, which maintains verbal and auditory information via rehearsal.

C

Visuospatial sketchpad, which handles visual and spatial data.

D

Episodic buffer, which integrates information into a multi-modal episode.

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32

Which reliability coefficient is most appropriate for assessing the temporal stability of a psychological test when the same test is administered to the same group twice over time?

A

Internal consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha) measuring item homogeneity.

B

Test–retest reliability measuring stability of scores over time.

C

Inter-rater reliability assessing agreement between different scorers.

D

Split-half reliability correlating two halves of a single administration.

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33

A "catch-all" political party is best described as one that:

A

De-emphasizes strict ideology to attract a broad spectrum of voters

B

Focuses exclusively on a narrow class or ethnic constituency

C

Is organized primarily around a charismatic leader with no program

D

Operates only at local levels without national ambitions

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34

The Logical Positivists' Verification Principle asserts that a meaningful statement must be:

A

Either empirically verifiable (in principle) or analytically true (tautological).

B

Logically possible regardless of empirical content.

C

Grounded in common usage within language-games.

D

A metaphysically necessary truth about reality.

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35

David Hume's analysis of causation concludes that causal necessity is best understood as:

A

An a priori, intuitively evident feature of reason.

B

A metaphysical relation perceivable directly in experience.

C

Grounded in innate ideas implanted by God.

D

A habit of association formed by observing constant conjunctions and expecting similar outcomes.

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36

Which pair correctly names two of Aristotle's four causes?

A

Material cause and Formal cause

B

Efficient cause and Relational cause

C

Teleological cause and Instrumental cause

D

Logical cause and Empirical cause

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37

Which dialect group is predominantly associated with the Pashto spoken in Kandahar region?

A

Yusufzai

B

Waziri

C

Southern (Kandahari) dialect

D

Ormuri

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38

Which principle does 'qiyas' refer to in Islamic legal theory?

A

Community custom that becomes law

B

Judicial enactment by Muslim rulers

C

The act of composing devotional formulas

D

Analogical reasoning applying a known injunction to a new case with a common effective cause

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39

What is 'ijtihad' in the methodology of Islamic jurisprudence?

A

Unquestioning adherence to earlier legal opinions (taqlid)

B

Independent juristic reasoning to derive legal rulings from sources

C

Consensus of the community on a legal issue

D

Preference for public interest over strict analogy

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40

Which combination best explains the rapid early Arab conquests in the 7th century CE?

A

Primarily religious zeal, with little strategic planning or external factors

B

Overwhelming technological superiority of Arab armies over Byzantines and Sassanians

C

Military vitality of Arab forces combined with political and military exhaustion of the Byzantine and Sassanian empires

D

A sudden climatic shift that displaced populations and caused mass migrations

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