Comparative and Case Study Methods

The comparative method in political science utilizes various techniques to analyze political phenomena. The experimental method, statistical method, and case study method are widely accepted as core tools for comparative analysis. While the institutional method is also used, the specific grouping provided in option C highlights the most common methodological approaches used to test hypotheses across different political systems.

The chronological order of these works reflects the evolution of political science literature. 'Comparative Political Institutions' (2) precedes 'Political Parties in Western Democracies' (1). Antonio Gramsci's 'Prison Notebooks' (4) were written in the early 20th century, and 'Limited Government: A Comparison' (3) represents a later comparative analysis. Option A correctly sequences these works based on their historical publication timelines.

It is widely accepted that hypotheses in public administration require cross-cultural testing to ensure universal validity. Furthermore, the development of comparative studies has indeed bridged the gap between political science and public administration. However, the latter is a broader disciplinary trend and does not serve as the direct causal explanation for why cross-cultural testing is necessary for scientific validation in administration.

In political science research, a 'method' refers to the overarching logical framework or strategy used to investigate a phenomenon, such as the comparative method itself. A 'technique', by contrast, refers to the specific operational tools or procedures—such as data collection, statistical analysis, or case study interviews—employed to execute that method. Distinguishing between them is essential for maintaining methodological rigor and clarity in research design.