Hollerith's invention was created to process the massive amount of data collected for the 1890 US Census. His company later became one of the entities that merged to form IBM.

JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape in 1995. Despite its similar name, it is distinct from Java. It was designed to be a lightweight scripting language for client-side web development.

C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs between 1972 and 1973. It was created to re-implement the Unix operating system and has since become one of the most widely used programming languages of all time.

Moore's Law, first articulated by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965, is a seminal observation in the field of computing. It posits that the number of transistors that can be affordably placed on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. This exponential growth in transistor density has been a driving force behind the rapid advancements in computing power, miniaturization, and cost reduction of electronic devices over several decades. While the exact timeline has seen slight variations over the years, the core principle of exponential growth in transistor count has largely held true, profoundly impacting technological progress.

Email, with its first systems developed in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson, quickly became the most popular application on the ARPANET, demonstrating the power of the network for human communication.

VisiCalc, released in 1979 for the Apple II, was the very first electronic spreadsheet program available for personal computers. Often dubbed the 'killer application,' it transformed personal computers from mere enthusiast devices into indispensable tools for businesses and professionals. Its immense popularity was a major factor in the widespread adoption and success of the Apple II computer, demonstrating the practical utility of personal computing for tasks like financial modeling and data analysis. While Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel later became dominant, VisiCalc pioneered the concept.

The correct answer is EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator). Operational from May 6, 1949, at the University of Cambridge, EDSAC holds the distinction of being the first *practical* and fully functional stored-program electronic computer. Although the Manchester Baby (Small-Scale Experimental Machine) was the first *stored-program computer to run a program* in 1948, it was primarily a testbed. EDSAC was designed from its inception to be a general-purpose computing machine and was immediately put into regular service for scientific research. It was also pioneering in its extensive use of mercury delay lines for its main memory, a technology that stored data as acoustic pulses in a tube of mercury, which was crucial for its operational capability. ENIAC (A) was operational earlier (1946) but was not a stored-program computer in the modern sense; it was programmed by switches and cables. UNIVAC I (C) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States, appearing in 1951, and thus later than EDSAC. The Manchester Mark 1 (D) was operational shortly after EDSAC in 1949 and was also a stored-program computer and an important early machine, but EDSAC typically receives credit for being the first *practical* and regularly used stored-program computer.

Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto from Japan designed and developed the Ruby programming language in the mid-1990s. It was designed with a focus on programmer productivity and happiness.

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania designed and built the ENIAC during World War II. It was a massive machine designed to calculate artillery firing tables.

Douglas Engelbart, alongside his team at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), is credited with inventing the computer mouse in the early-to-mid 1960s. He publicly introduced this revolutionary pointing device, among other innovations like hypertext and networked computing, during his landmark 'Mother of All Demos' presentation on December 9, 1968. While others later refined and popularized its use, Engelbart's work laid the essential groundwork for this ubiquitous input device.