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382
Which law of thermodynamics formally introduces the concept of entropy?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. It defines entropy as a measure of the system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work, thereby establishing the direction of spontaneous processes.
383
What is the effect on the room temperature if a refrigerator door is left open while the unit is running?
A refrigerator acts as a heat pump, moving heat from its interior to the exterior. When the door is open, the compressor runs continuously to cool the room air, but the heat extracted from the air plus the heat generated by the compressor's motor and internal friction is released back into the room. Consequently, the net energy balance results in an increase in the room's total thermal energy, causing the temperature to rise.
In the Systeme Internationale (SI) base units, 1 Becquerel (Bq) is the unit used to measure radioactivity. 1 Bq represents the number of disintegrations per second of a radioactive isotope. The correct answer is 1 disintegration per second.
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386
Why do two separate ice blocks fuse into one when subjected to pressure?
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, because ice has a lower density than liquid water, increasing the pressure lowers its melting point. This causes the ice at the contact point to melt, and it refreezes once the pressure is released.
387
Match the phase transition terms in List I with their corresponding definitions in List II: a. Sublimation, b. Deposition, c. Condensation, d. Vaporisation.
Sublimation is the transition from solid to gas (a-4). Deposition is the transition from gas to solid (b-1). Condensation is the transition from gas to liquid (c-2). Vaporisation is the transition from liquid to gas (d-3). These processes describe phase changes based on energy input or removal.
388
How does a pressure cooker accelerate the cooking process?
A pressure cooker traps steam, which increases the internal pressure. According to the phase diagram of water, an increase in pressure raises the boiling point of water. Consequently, food cooks faster because it is exposed to higher temperatures than it would be at atmospheric pressure.
389
Which partition chromatography technique uses a solvent pool at the bottom of the container?
Ascending chromatography is characterized by the solvent traveling up the stationary phase due to capillary action. This upward movement separates components based on their differential affinities for the stationary and mobile phases.
390
What method is employed to isolate the constituents of a mixture in their solid state?
Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas, and vice versa, allowing for the separation of components in a mixture in their solid phase.
