A substance with a non-continuous solubility curve undergoes a phase transition, such as dehydration. Na2SO4.10H2O loses water at a certain temperature, resulting in a discontinuity. The other options do not exhibit such behavior, showing continuous solubility curves.

The transition temperature for tin grey and tin white is the temperature at which they change from one phase to another, in this case, 18°C. This is an important physical property that characterizes the behavior of tin in different conditions.

P2O5 is known for its hygroscopic properties and sublimes at a specific temperature. Sublimation is the transition of a substance from the solid to the gas phase without going through the liquid phase. The correct temperature for P2O5 sublimation is 360°C.

When catalysts and reactants are in more than one phase, the process is known as heterogeneous catalysis. This is in contrast to homogeneous catalysis, where both catalyst and reactants are in the same phase. Heterogeneous catalysis often involves a solid catalyst and liquid or gas reactants.

Protons are always present in the nucleus of all atoms, as they determine the element's identity. Neutrons may vary, and electrons are located outside the nucleus.

We are given that the weight of the equivalent of 12 (unknown weight) forms 0.475g of chloride. Let's call the unknown weight 'x'. The ratio of the weights of the unknown to the equivalent is 12:x. According to the problem, this ratio equals the ratio of the masses of the chlorides (0.475g):(x). So we have: 12/x = 0.475/x Now, we can solve for x: 12x = 0.475x^2 Rearrange the equation to form a quadratic equation: x^2 - 12x + 0.475 = 0 This is a quadratic equation, and we can solve it using the quadratic formula: x = (0.285 +- sqrt(0.285^2 - 4*12*0.475))/2*12 x ≈ 0.18 and x ≈ 2.68 Since the weight cannot be negative, the correct answer is approximately 0.18 grams, which corresponds to the fourth option (0.18g).

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In the ideal gas equation, V represents the total volume occupied by 'n' moles of the gas. The equation relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of substance in moles, where R is the universal gas constant.

The Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy states that the total mass and energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. Matter can be converted into energy and vice versa, as described by Einstein's mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²), but the total quantity of mass-energy cannot be created from nothing or destroyed.

According to the kinetic molecular theory, compressing a gas at a constant temperature reduces the volume, which increases the number of molecules per unit volume (density). Consequently, the frequency of collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls, as well as between the molecules themselves, increases.