The Charter of Medina, established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 622 CE, is a landmark document that outlined the rights and responsibilities of all citizens, including Muslims, Jews, and pagans. It established the principles of religious freedom, collective security, and equal protection under the law for a multi-religious society.

Unlike secular frameworks where rights are granted by legislative bodies or states, Islamic human rights are considered divine in origin. Because they are granted by the Creator, they are regarded as sacred, eternal, and cannot be revoked or suspended by any earthly power, providing a higher level of protection for the individual.

Islam establishes the concept of human dignity as a God-given right to all human beings, regardless of their race, religion, or social status. The Quran states, 'We have honored the children of Adam,' implying that dignity is inherent to the human condition and must be respected by all legal and social systems.

Human rights in Islam aim to manifest Divine mercy, balance, and justice on earth.

The Prophet ﷺ emphasized compassion even toward animals.

The requirement of witnesses preserves fairness and protects against false accusations.

In the Farewell Sermon, the Prophet ﷺ declared life, property, and honor sacred.

Human equality is rooted in spiritual worth, not material or racial status.

ʿAdl means to place everything in its rightful place — the essence of justice.

The Prophet ﷺ emphasized mercy and the right to humane treatment for all.