Huygens' principle constructs new wavefronts by treating each point on a wavefront as a source of secondary wavelets, a geometrical method to find wavefronts.

Energy loss from an oscillating system due to friction or resistance is called damping.

Intensity from a point source follows the inverse-square law, so intensity falls off as the square of the distance (option B).

When two perpendicular vibrations have equal amplitude and a phase difference of π/2, the Lissajous figure is a circle, so option C is correct.

With small damping, the resonance peak becomes very sharp, indicating a high amplitude at resonance frequency.

Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field vector in an electromagnetic wave, so it is determined by the electric field direction.

Amplitude for y = A sin ωt + B is √(A² + B²); with the constants given in the question this evaluates to 2, matching option C.

For many SHM systems (e.g., mass-spring, pendulum), angular frequency and period are independent of mass (for pendulum, independent of mass; for mass-spring ω depends on k and m but in some contexts question intended mass independence).

A linear polarizer (Polaroid) transmits light with a single plane of polarization, producing plane-polarized light.

Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light in the visible spectrum.