'Kitab al-Kharaj' is a seminal work on Islamic taxation, land administration, and public finance written by Imam Abu Yusuf, the chief jurist of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Rival fits because it denotes a competing business that would look for opportunities to undermine or destroy him.

IBM stands for International Business Machine, so International Business Machine is the correct answer.

The National Identity Card system was established under the National Registration Act in 1973 during the administration of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

At around age 12, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on a merchant caravan to Syria (al-Sham), where they met the monk Bahira at Busra.

The Darfur conflict is a major armed conflict that began in February 2003 in the Darfur region of western Sudan [2, p3]. The conflict involves the Sudanese government and allied militias against various rebel groups, leading to a significant humanitarian crisis.

In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].

As of early 2011, when this paper was likely set, Pakistan had served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council six times. These terms were: 1952–1953, 1968–1969, 1976–1977, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2003–20042. Pakistan was later elected for a seventh term (2012-2013).

"AFPAK" (or Af-Pak) was a term used within U.S. foreign policy circles starting in 2009 to refer to Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single, integrated theater of operations2. This approach was part of a new strategy announced by the Obama administration.

The World Bank’s 2020 Ease of Doing Business report placed Pakistan at 108th out of 190 economies[1](https://zicosh.com/css-current-affairs-mcqs-2020/).