Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni led the excavations at Harappa in 1921 under the direction of Sir John Marshall. This work established the existence of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Kalibangan has yielded evidence of a series of raised brick platforms with fire altars (havan kunds). This suggests that fire worship or ritual sacrifice was a component of the religious life in this region.

The Great Granary is a massive brick structure found at Mohenjo-daro. Its design includes air ducts to keep the interior dry, suggesting it was used to store grain reserves for the city.

Surkotada in Gujarat is significant because archaeologists have reported finding horse remains there dating to around 2000 BCE. This is controversial and significant because the horse is generally considered absent from the Harappan civilization.

The Harappans were a Bronze Age civilization. They had mastered the metallurgy of copper, bronze, lead, gold, and silver. However, the use of iron was unknown to them and appeared much later in the Iron Age.

The worship of Vishnu is a later development associated with Vedic and Puranic Hinduism. Harappan religion focused on the Mother Goddess, a Proto-Shiva figure, and nature worship (trees like Peepal, animals).

Mehrgarh, located in Balochistan (Pakistan), dates back to around 7000 BCE. It provides the earliest known evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep, goats) in South Asia.

The 'Unicorn'—a mythical creature resembling a bull with a single long horn—is the most common image found on Indus seals. While the Zebu bull is also famous, the unicorn motif appears in the highest frequency.

Unlike most Harappan cities which are divided into two parts (the Citadel and the Lower Town), Dholavira is unique for its tripartite division: a Citadel, a Middle Town, and a Lower Town.

Hastinapur, the legendary capital of the Kuru Kingdom in the Mahabharata, is identified with a site in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh.