They developed functional chemistry where molecules snap together quickly and efficiently, like a belt buckle.

Pääbo sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal and discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova.

Saadi's 'Gulistan' (1258 CE) is a collection of poems and stories containing moral advice.

Written by the poet Ferdowsi around 1000 CE, the 'Shahnameh' tells the mythical and historical past of the Persian Empire.

*Shahnameh* chronicles Persian myths and kingship narratives.

The Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower is located in Azerbaijan. It represents an outstanding and rare example of a historic urban ensemble and architecture with influence from Zoroastrian, Sassanian, Arabic, Persian, Shirvani, Ottoman, and Russian cultures.

Russia, the world's third-largest oil producer in 2022, is a major OPEC+ partner, coordinating production with OPEC.

OPEC produced 38% of global crude oil in 2022, with OPEC+ collectively producing 59%.

Haitham Al Ghais, from Kuwait, has been OPEC's Secretary General since August 2022, overseeing the Secretariat's operations.

The OIC supports UN resolutions and appointed an Islamophobia envoy in 2022 to combat discrimination.