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51
Consider the following statements about the PIK study published on 2026-03-08:
1. The study reports a statistical certainty of over 98 percent regarding the acceleration of global warming since 2015.
2. The warming rate from 1970 to 2015 was approximately 0.35°C per decade.
3. The study aims to reduce 'noise' to make the underlying long-term warming signal more visible.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Option
Option C
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct as the study cites 98 percent certainty. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 0.35°C rate applies to the post-2015 period, while the 1970-2015 period averaged just under 0.2°C. Statement 3 is correct as the methodology involved filtering natural influences to clarify the warming signal. [Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/1979692/global-warming-has-seen-significant-acceleration-since-2015-study-finds, 08 Mar 2026]
52
Which of the following natural influences was NOT mentioned as a factor filtered out by researchers to clarify the long-term warming signal?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
The study explicitly mentions filtering out the El Nino phenomenon, volcanic eruptions, and variations in solar activity. Oceanic current shifts are not listed as one of the specific factors filtered in this research. [Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/1979692/global-warming-has-seen-significant-acceleration-since-2015-study-finds, 08 Mar 2026]
53
Which of the following organizations provided the observational climate data used in the PIK study?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
The study utilized observational datasets from NASA, NOAA, and Berkeley Earth. The other organizations listed are not cited as the primary data sources for this specific research. [Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/1979692/global-warming-has-seen-significant-acceleration-since-2015-study-finds, 08 Mar 2026]
54
Who is the lead author of the PIK study regarding the acceleration of global warming?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
Stefan Rahmstorf is identified as the lead researcher and author of the study from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Grant Foster is a co-author of the same study. [Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/1979692/global-warming-has-seen-significant-acceleration-since-2015-study-finds, 08 Mar 2026]
55
Consider the following statements about the state's policy on local militias:
1. The policy was heavily utilized during the counterterrorism operations between 2007 and 2015.
2. The state continued to provide long-term institutional and financial support to these militias after security was restored.
3. Militia members were frequently targeted by terrorist groups through IEDs and targeted killings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Option
Option C
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct as the policy peaked during the 2007-2015 period. Statement 2 is incorrect because the state abandoned these groups once security forces cleared key areas, leaving them vulnerable. Statement 3 is correct as these groups became priority targets for militants. [Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/2018444/outsourcing-security, 26 Jul 2026]
56
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) emphasizes a shift in global governance from disaster management to:
Correct Option
Option C
Explanation
The Sendai Framework represents a paradigm shift in global governance by prioritizing the management of disaster risk rather than merely focusing on reactive disaster management or emergency response.
Which of the following international frameworks was established to regulate the nuclear program of Iran, thereby impacting regional geopolitical stability in the Middle East?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is a specific multilateral agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 countries, designed to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for sanctions relief, directly influencing regional security dynamics.
Which constitutional provision in the Constitution of Pakistan mandates that the executive authority of every Province shall be exercised to ensure compliance with Federal laws?
Correct Option
Option D
Explanation
Article 148 establishes the constitutional obligation of provinces to exercise their executive authority in a manner that ensures compliance with federal legislation, serving as a fundamental mechanism for federal-provincial coordination.
In the context of international security doctrines, which concept defines the strategy of preventing an adversary from initiating an action by threatening a disproportionate retaliatory response?
Correct Option
Option D
Explanation
Nuclear deterrence is a specific security doctrine predicated on the credible threat of retaliation to discourage an adversary from launching a first strike, forming a cornerstone of Cold War and contemporary strategic stability.
Which of the following historical security doctrines established the principle of non-interference by external powers in the domestic affairs of the Western Hemisphere?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
The Monroe Doctrine, articulated in 1823, defined a sphere of influence and security for the United States by opposing European colonial intervention in the Americas, representing a seminal shift in international security doctrines.
